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Cover: Getty
Images
Contents
For ewor d
3
Executive
summary
4
Intr oduction:
converging
crises
and
the
need
for
a
sustainable
recovery
5
1 New
commitments:
corporate
climate
action
is
accelerating
7
investments
in
natur e
2 Nature:
the
key
to achieving
net
zer o
10
3 The
way
forwar d: unlocking
the
potential
of
natural
climate
solutions
19
3.1 Key
Action
#1: Define
net
zer o
and
corporate
claims
21
3.2 Key
Action
#2: Highlight
good practice
for
supply
22
3.3 Key
Action
#3: Send
a
demand
signal
24
3.4 Key
Action
#4: Impr ove
market
ar chitectur e
25
3.5 Key
Action
#5: Create
regulatory
clarity
27
3.6 Key
Action
#6: Build
trust
30
4 Conclusion
31
Contributors
32
Endnotes
33
©
2021
W orld
Economic
Forum.
All
rights reserved.
No
part
of
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publication
may be
r eproduced
or
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in
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form or
by
any
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including
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or
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any
information storage
and
retrieval
system.
January 2021
Consultation:
Nature
and
Net
Zer o
For ewor d
Bill
Winters Chief
Executive
Officer , Standar d Charter ed
As
the
world
starts
to look
beyond
the
COVID-19 pandemic,
ther e
is
a
compelling
case
to addr ess
the
climate
crisis
in
the
context
of
the
global recovery
and
r econstruction
ef fort.
A war eness
is growing,
across
businesses
and
among
citizens, that
tackling
climate
change
is
inextricably
linked
to another
urgent
envir onmental
crisis:
the
accelerating
destruction
of
nature.
Natural
climate
solutions
(NCS)
–
investment
in
conservation
and
land
management programmes
that
incr ease
carbon
storage
and r educe
carbon
emissions
–
of fer
an
important
way
of addr essing
both crises
simultaneously.
Greenhouse
gas
emissions
fr om
agriculture,
forestry and
other
land
use
contribute
to about
a
quarter
of global
emissions,
and
it
is
estimated
that
NCS
projects can
help
deliver
ar ound
one-thir d of
net
emission r eductions
needed
by
2030.
However , despite
their vast
potential
for
r educing
emissions,
natural
climate solutions
attract
very
little
public
investment.
I
welcome
this
r eport
by
the
W orld
Economic Forum
and
McKinsey
exploring
the
opportunities and
challenges
involved
in
NCS.
It
builds
on
the
work of
the
T askfor ce
on
Scaling
V oluntary Carbon
Markets,
which
I
am
pleased
to Chair and
whose
final
r eport
setting
out
a
blueprint for
infrastructur e
and
mechanisms
to achieve
rapidly
rising
investment
in
natur e
was
published on
25
January.
T ogether , these
documents pr ovide
clear
and
detailed
guidance
on
the
role business
can
play
in
curbing
climate
change, through
making
commitments
to align
with
the Paris
Agreement;
r eporting
annually
on
their
emissions
and
those
produced
in
their
value
chains using
accepted
standards;
and
compensating
a
shar e
of
unabated
emissions
through
the pur chase
and
retir ement
of
carbon
cr edits.
Natural
climate
solutions
are
crucial
tools
in
this transition
process,
provided
they
are
underpinned by
internationally
accepted
principles
and
rules
to ensur e
that
they
genuinely
deliver
emission r eductions/sequestration,
and
to incr ease
public acceptance
of
carbon
offsetting
as
a
vital
element
of the
climate
transition.
This
cannot
be
at
the
expense of
accelerating
decarbonization
of
business
models. W e
need
to drive
adoption
of
available
solutions
and also
invest
in
new
technologies
that
cr eate
viable options
for
har d-to-abate sectors.
This
r eport
sheds
light
on
the
significant
co-benefits of
NCS
to natur e
and
humanity.
Carbon
market participants
are
incr easingly
recognizing
these broader
benefits.
Not least
of
these
is
the
flow
of private
capital
they
can
generate
to countries
that of fer
the
highest
potential
for
NCS
projects,
typically for est-rich
countries
in
the
Global
South.
The
r eport
shows
how
NCS
are
being
pr evented fr om
fulfilling
their
potential
at
scale
by
conceptual and
technical
hurdles.
The
lack
of
consensus
on how
to tr eat
corporate
carbon
r eduction
claims and
on
the
role
that
NCS
can
play
needs
to be addr essed.
Agreement
is
requir ed
on
standards and
certification
under
one
commonly
accepted international
standards
body.
Continuing
public concer ns
about
the
validity
of
NCS
cr edits
should be
addr essed
through
highlighting
and
sharing best
practice.
I
see
this
work, alongside
that
of
the T askfor ce
on
Scaling
V oluntary
Carbon
Markets, as
a
call
to action
on
the
part
of
all
stakeholders
to tackle
these
hurdles.
I
look
forwar d to seeing
stakeholders
r espond
to this challenge
by
charting
a
course
to r ealize
a
significant incr ease
in
investment
in
nature.
This
year , as
we pr epar e
for
COP26,
is
the
time
for
action.
Executive
summary
Natural
climate
solutions
of fer
an
opportunity to
addr ess
both climate
and
natur e
crises
and generate
significant
additional
envir onmental, social
and
economic
benefits.
– The
world
faces
converging
envir onmental crises
that
are
inextricably
linked
and compounding:
the
accelerating
destruction
of
natur e
and
climate
change.
Natural
climate
solutions
(NCS)
of fer
an
opportunity
to addr ess both and
generate
significant
additional envir onmental,
social
and
economic
benefits.
– Private-sector
commitment
to action
is
gaining momentum,
with
many
companies
setting
the goal
of
reaching
net-zero
emissions
and
some also
making
commitments
on
nature.
As
a
result, NCS
are
gaining
attention
and
carbon
markets are
growing
fast.
Corporate
strategies
that
aim
to use
NCS
to help
deliver
a
net-zero
pathway are
on
the
verge
of
becoming
mainstream.
– NCS
are
fundamental
to delivering
a
net-zero pathway
alongside
rapid
decarbonization,
by enabling
avoidance/reduction
of
emissions,
and r emoval/sequestration
of
carbon
dioxide
fr om the
atmospher e.
– Reaching
a
1.5° or
2°C
pathway
by
2030
will requir e
about
a
50%
net-emission
r eduction of
annual
emissions
to ar ound
23
gigatons
of carbon
dioxide
(Gt
CO 2 )
fr om
2019
levels.
– W e
estimate
a
practical
potential
of
close
to 7Gt
CO 2
per
year
fr om
NCS
projects,
suf fi cient to deliver
ar ound
one-thir d of
that
target
and
to achieve
carbon
removal
in
the
near
term
and
at
lower
cost than
technological
solutions.
The
bulk of
this
total
comprises
four
types
of
NCS:
avoided defor estation
and
peatland
impact,
peatland r estoration,
reforestation
and
cover
cr ops.
– NCS
are
typically
low-cost sources
of
carbon abatement.
In
most
cases,
costs
are
between
$10
and
$40
per
ton
of
CO 2
with
variations between
geographies
and
project
types.
– Beyond
helping
to addr ess
the
changing
climate, NCS
can
also
deliver
significant
co-benefits
to natur e
and
humanity,
and
can
generate
private
capital
flows
to countries
that
of fer
the
highest potential
for
NCS
projects,
typically
for est-rich countries
in
the
Global
South.
– However , NCS
are
being
held
back
fr om
fulfilling their
potential
at
scale
by
various
conceptual and
technical
hurdles,
starting
with
a
lack
of consensus
on
how
to tr eat
corporate
carbon r eduction
claims
and
on
the
role
that
NCS
can play.
Agreement
is
needed
on
standards
and certification
under
one
commonly
accepted international
standards
body.
Continuing
public concer ns
about
the
validity
of
NCS
cr edits should
be
addr essed
through
highlighting
and sharing
best
practices.
– T o
over come
years
of
oversupply
of
carbon cr edits
and
low
prices,
a
demand
signal
is needed
to build
confidence
and
unlock
the supply
pipeline
of
potential
NCS
projects.
– Market
ar chitectur e,
infrastructur e
and
financing need
to be
developed
to support
the
gr owth of
NCS
producing
tradable
cr edits,
as
set
out in
the
r ecent
r eport
of
the
T askfor ce
on
Scaling V oluntary
Carbon
Markets
(TSVCM).
– Finally,
it
is
vital
to build
coherent
and
agreed policy
frameworks
at
either
the
national
or international
level
for
the
gr owth of
NCS
in
line with
climate
goals,
covering
such
issues
as carbon
standards,
rules
on
accounting
at
the jurisdictional
or
project
level,
and
connecting voluntary
and
compliance
markets.
– This
demands
a
concerted
ef fort
to build
trust and
a
broad
consensus
on
the
value
of
NCS
to addr ess
the
lack
of
confidence
in
the
integrity
of NCS
cr edits,
the
markets,
and
the
institutions that
govern
them.
On
the
one
hand,
ther e
is
a need
to incr ease
public
awareness,
while
on
the
other , it
is
critical
to cr eate
multistakeholder communities
of
trust
to air
and
addr ess conceptual
dif fer ences.
Below:
Getty
Images
Intr oduction:
converging crises
and
the
need
for a
sustainable
r ecovery
NCS
should
be
an
integral
component
of economic
strategies
to
ensur e
a
“gr een r ecovery”
fr om
the
ravages
of
COVID-19.
The following discussion
paper sets
out
an action
agenda
to
accelerate
the scale-up
of
high- quality
NCS
and unlock
markets thr ough
the combined
ef forts of
business leaders,
policy- makers
and
civil
society . As
the
world
emerges
fr om
the
health
and economic
crises
caused
by
COVID-19,
we
face converging
envir onmental
crises:
the
accelerating destruction
of
natur e
and
climate
change.
These crises
are
inextricably
linked
and
compounding.
Although
the
benefi...
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